Arts in Southeast Asia
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ArchitecturePhra Sri Rattanachedi
Phra Sri Rattanachedi is a bell-shaped stupa in circular plan. Its four niches which have doors leading to the inner chamber, where the relics are kept in the small golden stupa, have smaller bell-shaped stupa on the top. The stupa is on a set of pyramidal lotus-shaped pedestals with wires in round plan. Its Ballang is in square plan, surrounded by supporting pillars.
ArchitecturePrasat Phra Thep Bidorn
Prasat Phra Thep Bidorn is a four-portico building with Prang top. The front projecting portico is in the east. The wall is decorated by tiles in Phoom Khao Bindh pattern on blue background. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. A prang is on the top of the building, which is made from plaster and decorated with coloured tiles. Its four pediments display the royal coats of arms. The northern portico’s pediment displays Unalom of King Rama I. The southern portico’s pediment displays Garuda holding Nagas of King Rama II. The western portico’s pediment displays Phra Viman of King Rama III and the eastern portico’s pediment displays Phra Makamongkut of King Rama IV. The windows and doorways has Mongkut tops which are coated with gold lacquer and glass, while the sided walls show the royal coats of arms of King Rama I – V.
PaintingMural Paintings Depicting Ramayana
The mural paintings show a combination of traditional and modern painting techniques as follows: the traditional painting techniques are demonstrated through the main characters’ dresses are similar to those in the Masked dance drama, they are showing the same dance movements, and the characters’ adornments are gilded. The modern painting techniques include the use of horizon lines and perspective, imitation of real buildings such as palaces in the Grand Palace, and depiction of real landscapes. In addition, the paintings also show ways of life of people in the Thai Royal Court and ordinary Thai people and humor through the supporting characters. There are 178 painting panels in total; and each painting comes with verse of Ramayana poetry on the lower part of the panels, 224 verses in total.
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Benchamabophit Dusitwanaram
Phra ubosot is in projecting cross plan and faces the east The easterm portico is extended, while the duplicated Phra Phuttha Jinaraj is installed in the western wing. The northern and southern porticos are linked to the cloister that leads to the back of the building.The front edge of the boundary stand concrete pillars with lotus-bud-shaped echinus, which signify “Sema”, while the back of the ubosot shows through Dharmacakra Sema on a granite-carved floor tiles. The boundary floor uses pink and gray granite tiles, while the wall is a white marble.The eastern and western porticos have four marble pillars in circular plan. Beside the staircase of each side stand a pair of marble-carved lions, which Prince Naris designed and molded by Khun Sakolpradit, the royal artisan.The exterior door was embossed with Dvarapala, while the interior door was painted the same figure with golden lacquer. The windows use the same technic, however, with Mara Baek. The niches were decorated by stained glass.The roof was built in traditional Thai form with yellow corrugated tiles and Thepphanom at the eaves, which once were the roof tiles of Wat Kalayanamite that later had been coloured in China. The pediment of phra ubosot displays the important state coat of arms. The eastern portico’s pediment displays Vishnu riding Garuda which stands for Phra Krooth Pah emblem. The western portico’s pediment display Unalom in Bussabok which stands for Maha Unalom or Maha Ongkarn emblem. The northern portico’s pediment displays three-headed elephant carrying bussabok which stands for Aiyarapot emblem. The southern portico’s pediment displays Cakra which stands for Cakraroth or Dharmacakra emblem.
SculptureAvalokitesvara Bodhisattva
The sculpture is in the damaged condition. Only the head and upper body in ‘Tribhanga’ posture (standing body position or stance used in the traditional Indian sculpture, art and Indian classical dance forms) are left. The lower part of body is lost.The face is plump and well-crafted. The eyelids are half closed. The Unalome is visible at the forehead while head wears the triangle crown with jewelries. The hair bun on the top of the head is broken and lost, only the hair that is down to the shoulders left. The body wears many accessories such as the leather body bracelet with the chamois head on the left shoulder. This body bracelet is overlapped by a pearl body bracelet. Two necklaces, the top one is of pearls and the lower one is jewelries with flowers decorated. The jewels bracelet is also visible. Overall, this sculpture reflects the relationship between the Network of Mahayana Buddhist Kingdoms such as Pala Dynasty of India and Shailendra Dynasty of Java. However, the study by Assoc Prof Chet Tingsanchali points out the traits of the sculpture that do not exist in Java Art which means this sculpture might be crafted in Thailand.
SculptureGod Shiva
God Shiva is standing on a square base. Both hands are at hip’s level.The square-serious face, eyes decorated with pearls, a third-eye in the middle of the forehead, the hair curled in a decorated bell shape, sharped earrings, all of these are the clear influence of Brahmanism in Lopburi or Khmer culture in Thailand. The top part of the body is decorated with filter neck and bracelet. The lower part appears shorts with three layers seem in the middle; they are decorated with flowers. The fabric is beautifully decorated. It is related to Lopburi arts or Bayon style of Khmer arts in Thailand. At the same time, the decorated flowers are similar to central Ayutthaya style.
ArchitecturePhra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram
Phra Ubosot Wat Phra Sri Rattanasatsadaram is a traditional Thai brick-and-stucco architecture in rectangular plan with boundary and faces the east.The three-tiered wooden roof is decorated by blue roof tiles, with orange and yellow roof tiles at the edge line. The cornice is decorated with Chorfah, Bairaka, Naksadung and Hanghong. The floral-carved-wooden pediment is coated with gold lacquer and glass, whose centre displays Vishnu riding Garuda.The exterior wall is decorated with gold-lacquer-and-glass Phoom Khao Bindh pattern, while there are Garuda holding Naga sculptures around the pedestal. Three doorways can be found both in the front and the back, with three pairs of bronze lion figures at the front staircase. There are pillars in dodecagonal plan surrounding the ubosot in the veranda area. Its echinus is a lotus shape and brackets are supporting the eaves.
ArchitectureChedi Phukhao Thong
Chedi Phukhao Thong is a monumental architecture. It comprises a pyramidal ambulatory platform with a staircase projecting from the middle of all four sides and a 12-angle indented (recessed) body. The upper part of the chedi, which now tilted slightly, is composed of Buddha niches on four sides, triple rings moulding, anindented bell-shaped dome and a spire.
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Tumpalai Phu Pha Yon
The various engraved drawings can be classified as follows:1. Human figures. There are 21 engraved drawings of people, including both realistic and semi-realistic portraits. There are 9 realistic drawings, 2 of children and 7 of adults, that show the similarity between the real person and the drawing, for instance, the drawing of a person with an emphasis on only the outlines; the description of organs such as ears, eyes, mouth, nose, fingers, toes are not shown. The semi-realistic drawing is the drawing that characterizes the person in proportion but will be inaccurate from reality, for instance, the human head is in a square shape or the muscles of the limbs are not focused. However, other important parts such as ears, eyes, mouth, nose, fingers and toes aren’t completely shown. There are 12 drawings of this type. 2. Human hands. There is only one drawing of a right hand with the palm open. There are six fingers on the hand.3.Animals figures There are 21 drawings, 8 of fish, 4 of birds, 2 of dogs, 1 of a squirrel or a chipmunk, 1 of a buffalo, 4 of buffaloes or cows, 1 of a frog or a small green frog. 4. Geometrical motifs There are a lot of drawings with straight lines, curve lines or lines with different patterns, square, triangle, cross, arrowhead, rhombic triangle, single line, arranged lines, and crossed lines and sometimes the shape cannot be identified. 5.Appliance For example, a picture that resembles a plow, farming tools that show only the head area called “Moldboard plow” or “Phal” at the rear. There are also drawings of a shovel with a handle and a fan for blowing away the withered grain. 6.Building There are 2 drawings that look like a house. It is a house with a gable roof. One drawing is of a house with a dog inside and another drawing is of a house with a crossed roof similar to the roof of Kalae house or the roof of a hut in a farm in northeast of Thailand and it looks like there is a person inside the house.
Sakon Nakhon
Prehistoric Age
3,500 years old
Painting
ArchitectureGoa Gajah Cave
The most famous monument at Gua Gaja is the man-made cave. The entrance of the cave is decorated with the ferocious face of Kāla with protruding eyes for dispelling the evils, typical to Eastern-Javanese-and-Balinese art. Surrounding the face, there is the sculptural depiction of the wildwood, including the imitation of rocks and the depictions of wild animals The cave is designed as the T-shaped narrow cave with the seat meant for hermit.
ArchitectureGoa Gajah Fountain
The sacred fountain had already been popular since Eastern Javanese period. The idea of constructing the fountain was inspired by the believed of the auspicious and superstitious power of the water, including the bestowal of the abundance and the power of sanctification. The separation of the ponds at Gua Gaja suggests the separation of male and female during the ablution. The statues of goddess holding pots as the fountain sculpture are assignable as the symbols of abundance.
ArchitectureKunung Kawi
Candi Gunung Kawi is the series of nine rock-cut temples on the cliff adjacent to the river, considered to be the best example of the rock-cut temple in Bali. Furthermore, these temples are the good examples of the traces of Eastern Javanese Art in Bali. As the roofs are decorated with series of miniature temples which are normally absent in Balinese towers, the towers at Gunung Kawi are datable to Eastern Javanese Art. The location of these temples, by the river, also sanctifies the river.
ArchitectureStupa: Wat Si Meuang
Stupa at Wat Si Meuang is made of laterite, which is different from stupas in other arts that are normally made of bricks. The remains include the inverted lotus base with the plain middle element decorated with a pointed moulding. This stupa is often mistaken as a Khmer architecture. However, the laterite is smaller than that of Khmer and the use of pointed mouldings consolidates that this is definitely not a Khmer architecture.
ArchitectureThat Luang
The huge mound in the center seems to be the most ancient element of the Stupa. After some renovations, the top element and the subsidiary Stupas were added. These subsidiary Stupas seem to be connected with either the perfections of the Buddha (Paramita or Baramee) or the Tamavimsa paradise. This Stupa was entitled as Lokachulamani, imitating the name of the stupa in the paradise inside which the hairy relics was enshrined, suggests that the city is comparable to the heaven and the king himself is comparable to Indra, the lord of deities.
ArchitectureMaha That
This stupa comprises the square Lanna-fashioned broad bases supporting the multi-angled body, the series of sloping roofs in octagonal plan and the small bell-shaped spire. The style of this stupa is closely similar to that of Lanna Stupa in 15th-16th century, such as the Stupa at Wat Lokmoli which was built for containing the mortal remain of King Muang Ketklao. However, the architectural details of Wat Mahathat Stupa is slightly different from those of Lanna Stupa. These differences suggest the later renovations.
ArchitectureWat Saen Stupa
This stupa is of genuine Lan Chang style. It consists of Bua Khao prom base that has continuously curving lion’ feets. This was inherited from Lion base (Singha base) in the middle Ayutthaya. The middle element is removed and the inverted and the overturned lotus bases meet each other. These lotus bases also flicking up to sooth witg the outer line of the base. The middle part is the angled lotus with a soothing outer line. This angled lotus is a distinctive feature of stupa in Lan Chang art appearing both in Luang Phra Bang and Vientiane schools of art.
ArchitecturePu Si Stupa
This stupa has “angled lotus” as an important aspect following Lan Chnag style. However, the plain lotus base is more connected to the stupas of Lanna influence as shown in Wat Ar Pai and Wat Meun Na in Luang Phra Bang as well. The stupa in a redented square base is a common plan for stupa in Lan Chang.
